A scientific review on pathogenesis, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis from cutaneous adverse food reaction, diagnostic confirmation, nutritional management, and multimodal control Abstract Canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) is one of the most frequently diagnosed pruritic skin diseases in small animal practice. It is a genetically predisposed, chronically relapsing inflammatory disorder driven by the interaction of epidermal…

Canine otitis externa (OE) remains one of the most frequent presentations in veterinary practice, accounting for up to 15–20% of canine consultations [1]. Historically, OE was often approached empirically—treated as a simple superficial infection with broad-spectrum “shotgun” topical therapies. However, rising antimicrobial resistance (AMR), an enhanced understanding of otic microbiology, and advancements in drug delivery…

Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) is a broad term describing disorders that affect the bladder or urethra. It is a relatively frequent reason for veterinary visits, occurring in about 1.5% of cats seen in primary care [1]. FLUTD encompasses a variety of conditions such as urolithiasis, urinary infection, anatomical abnormalities, behavioural issues, and neoplasia….

SerotoninChemical name: 5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT   This is a well-studied monoamine neurotransmitter with 15 known receptor subtypes that provide it with the ability to impact the quality of life of the organism by way of neuromodulation. Serotonin is popularly known as the ‘Happiness hormone’ but its function extends further than just mood regulation – anxiety, cognition,…